R is a programming language for statistical computing and graphics. R is free to download here and RStudio can be downloaded here, also for free. It is important to note that R is not only limited to statistical computing and graphics, you can even develop dashboards with R using Shiny (an R package), so it is highly extensible.
So what is the difference?
Coming from a medical/healthcare background, I had very little to expect when I started a data analytics course last October. However, having completed three blocks of lectures and exams, it started to become very clear what data science is to me. Since this is a new field, it is difficult to pinpoint what exactly data science is. Of course you will be dealing with data, but what else involved beyond data?